LaGuardia Physics Professor Allyson Sheffield Co-Authors New Research in the Journal Nature about our Home Galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy
LONG ISLAND CITY, NY (February 26, 2018) — Allyson Sheffield, PhD, associate professor of physics at LaGuardia Community College, is co-author of a new paper in the leading science journal Nature, titled, “ Two chemically similar stellar overdensities on opposite sides of the plane of the Galactic disk,” which is expected to expand understanding of our home galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy—how it came to be, and how certain stars are located within it.
Dr. Sheffield and an international team of astronomers, led by Dr. Maria Bergemann from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg, Germany, found compelling evidence that some of the stars in the halo of the Milky Way Galaxy might not be leftover debris from invading galaxies but rather originate from the Milky Way’s disk itself!
Following below is the press release about the paper in Nature.
This research collaboration is an example of the type of scholarly work regularly conducted by community college faculty — just as do their peers at four-year colleges (required for tenure at both types of institutions).
Dr. Sheffield (pictured above) is a passionate and accomplished astronomer, and after earning her bachelor’s from NYU and her graduate degrees from the University of Virginia, and then working at Vassar and Columbia University, she sought a teaching position at a community college because, as she says, “it’s such an inspiring environment for a teacher who loves to teach, as I do.” For Dr. Sheffield’s bio, click here.
To watch a two-minute video where Dr. Sheffield discusses the research and the importance of its findings, click here.
For more information or to request an interview with Dr. Sheffield or other members of the research team, please contact Elizabeth Streich, public relations manager at LaGuardia Community College, part of The City University of New York (CUNY), at (718) 482-6131 or estreich@lagcc.cuny.edu.
Stars Around the Milky Way: Cosmic Space Invaders or Victims of Galactic Eviction?
Astronomers have investigated a small population of stars in the halo of the Milky Way Galaxy, finding its chemical composition to closely match that of the Galactic disk. This similarity provides compelling evidence that these stars have originated from within the disk, rather than from merged dwarf galaxies. The reason for this stellar migration is thought to be theoretically proposed oscillations of the Milky Way disk as a whole, induced by the tidal interaction of the Milky Way with a passing massive satellite galaxy.
If anyone from outer space would like to contact you via “space mail”, your cosmic address would include several more lines including “Earth”, “Solar System”, “Orion Spiral Arm” and “Milky Way Galaxy”. This position within our home galaxy gives us a front row seat to explore what is happening in such a galaxy.
However, our internal perspective presents some challenges in our quest to understand it – for example for outlining its shape and extent. And yet another problem is time: How can we interpret galactic evolution if our own life span (and that of our telescopes) is far less than the blink of the cosmic eye?
Today, we have a fairly clear picture of the broad properties of the Milky Way and how it fits among other galaxies in the Universe. Astronomers classify it as a rather average, large spiral galaxy with the majority of its stars circling its center within a disk, and a dusting of stars beyond that orbiting in the Galactic halo.
These halo stars seem not to be randomly distributed in the halo – instead many are grouped together in giant structures – immense streams and clouds (or overdensities) of stars, some entirely encircling the Milky Way. These structures have been interpreted as signatures of the Milky Way’s tumultuous past – debris from the gravitational disruption of the many smaller galaxies that are thought to have invaded our Galaxy in the past.
Researchers have tried to learn more about this violent history of the Milky Way by looking at properties of the stars in the debris left behind – their positions and motions can give us clues of the original path of the invader, while the types of stars they contain and the chemical compositions of those stars can tell us something about what the long-dead galaxy might have looked like.
An international team of astronomers led by Dr. Maria Bergemann from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Heidelberg now found compelling evidence that some of these halo structures might not be leftover debris from invading galaxies but rather originate from the Milky Way’s disk itself!
The scientists investigated 14 stars located in two different structures in the Galactic halo, the Triangulum-Andromeda (Tri-And) and the A13 stellar overdensities, which lie at opposite sides of the Galactic disk plane. Earlier studies of motion of these two diffuse structures revealed that they are kinematically associated and could be related to the Monoceros Ring, a ring-like structure that twists around the Galaxy. However, the nature and origin of these two stellar structures was still not conclusively clarified. The position of the two stellar overdensities could be determined as each lying about 5 kiloparsec (14000 lightyears) above and below the Galactic plane as indicated in figure 1 (below).
Caption: This is the Milky Way galaxy, perturbed by the tidal interaction with a dwarf galaxy, as predicted by N-body simulations. The locations of the observed stars above and below the disk, which are used to test the perturbation scenario, are indicated. Credit: T.Mueller/NASA/JPL-Caltech –
Bergemann and her team, for the first time, now presented detailed chemical abundance patterns of these stars, obtained with high-resolution spectra taken with the Keck and VLT (Very Large Telescope, ESO) telescopes. “The analysis of chemical abundances is a very powerful test, which allows, in a way similar to the DNA matching, to identify the parent population of the star. Different parent populations, such as the Milky Way disk or halo, dwarf satellite galaxies or globular clusters, are known to have radically different chemical compositions. So once we know what the stars are made of, we can immediately link them to their parent populations.”, explains Bergemann.
When comparing the chemical compositions of these stars with the ones found in other cosmic structures, the scientists were surprised to find that the chemical compositions are almost identical, both within and between these groups, and closely match the abundance patterns of the Milky Way disk stars. This provides compelling evidence that these stars most likely originate from the Galactic thin disk (the younger part of Milky Way, concentrated towards the Galactic plane) itself, rather being debris from invasive galaxies!
But how did the stars get to these extreme positions above and below the Galactic disk? Theoretical calculations of the evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy predict this to happen, with stars being relocated to large vertical distances from their place of birth in the disk plane. This “migration” of stars is theoretically explained by the oscillations of the disk as a whole. The favoured explanation for these oscillations is the tidal interaction of the Milky Way’s Dark Matter halo and its disk with a passing massive satellite galaxy.
The results published in the journal Nature by Bergemann and her colleagues now provide the clearest evidence for these oscillations of the Milky Way’s disk obtained so far!
These findings are very exciting, as they indicate that the Milky Way Galaxy’s disk and its dynamics are significantly more complex than previously thought. “We showed that it may be fairly common for groups of stars in the disk to be relocated to more distant realms within the Milky Way-having been ‘kicked out’ by an invading satellite galaxy. Similar chemical patterns may also be found in other galaxies-indicating a potential galactic universality of this dynamic process.” said Allyson Shefield, PhD, associate professor of physics at LaGuardia Community College/CUNY, a co-author on the study.
As a next step, the astronomers plan to analyse the spectra of other stars both in the two overdensities, as well as stars in other stellar structures further away from the disk. They are also very keen on getting masses and ages of these stars in order to constrain the time limits when this interaction of the Milky Way and a dwarf galaxy happened.
“We anticipate that ongoing and future surveys like 4MOST and Gaia will provide unique information about chemical composition and kinematics of stars in these overdensities. The two structures we have analysed already are, in our interpretation, associated with large-scale oscillations of the disk, induced by an interaction of the Milky Way and a dwarf galaxy. Gaia may have the potential to see the connection between the two structures, showing the full pattern of corrugations in the Galactic disk”, says Bergemann, who is also part of the Collaborative Research Center SFB 881 “The Milky Way System”, located at Heidelberg University.
Background information
The results described here were published in Bergemann et al., “Two chemically similar stellar overdensities on opposite sides of the plane of the Galactic disk” in the journal Nature.
Information about advanced access to the Nature article can be obtained at press@nature.com
The MPIA researchers involved were Maria Bergemann, Branimir Sesar and Andrew Gould in collaboration with Judith G. Cohen (California Institute of Technology), Aldo M. Serenelli (Institute of Space Sciences/IEEC-CSIC), Allyson Sheffield (LaGuardia Community College/CUNY), Ting S. Li (Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory), Luca Casagrande (The Australian National University), Kathryn Johnston and Chervin F.P. Laporte (both Columbia University, New York), Adrian M. Price-Whelan (Princeton University) and Ralph Schönrich (University of Oxford, UK).
Media Coverage:
Campus News: LAGCC prof lands major publication credit
March 15, 2018
Allyson Sheffield, PhD, associate professor of physics at LaGuardia Community College, is co-author of a new paper in the leading science journal…
Big Island Now: Cosmic Space Invaders or Victims of Galactic Eviction?
February 28, 2018
…“We showed that it may be fairly common for groups of stars in the disk to be relocated to more distant realms within the Milky Way – having been ‘kicked out’ by an invading satellite galaxy,” said co-author Allyson Sheffield of LaGuardia Community College/CUNY…
Newsweek Online: Renegade stars near the Milky Way were forced out after clashes with another galaxy long ago
February 27, 2018
…an invading satellite galaxy,” co-author Allyson Sheffield, a physicist at LaGuardia Community College, said in a press…
International Business Times: Are the stars surrounding the Milky Way alien space invaders or were they booted out of the galaxy?
February 27, 2018
…this dynamic process,” said the new study’s co-author Allyson Sheffield of LaGuardia Community College/CUNY. The new findings…
ScienceDaily: Cosmic space invaders or victims of galactic eviction?
February 27, 2018
…universality of this dynamic process,” said co-author Allyson Sheffield of LaGuardia Community College/CUNY. As a next step,…
United Press International Online: Survey suggests group of Milky Way stars are homegrown, not alien invaders
February 26, 2018
…study co-author Allyson Sheffield, an associate professor of physics at LaGuardia Community College. While the two halo…